Overview
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ABSTRACT
The text provides an overview of the general principles of sanitation. Historically, the disposal of wastewater and run-off has evolved to prevent flooding and health contamination. Sewage systems can be either combined or separate, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Alternative methods, such as local infiltration of rainwater, have been developed since the 1970s for more sustainable and environmentally-friendly management.
Domestic and industrial wastewater must be collected and treated to avoid polluting the natural environment. The first rains after a dry period are often highly polluted, and specific treatment and management techniques are required. Modern wastewater treatment systems incorporate hydrological models and computer simulations to predict and manage flows, particularly in the context of climate change. Parasitic water represents an additional challenge, as it can overload networks and treatment plants, requiring effective control strategies.
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Read the articleAUTHOR
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Jean-Marc BERLAND: PhD in Environmental Sciences and Techniques from the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées – Senior Project Manager at the International Office for Water – Limoges – France
INTRODUCTION
Sanitation is a necessary and essential activity for public health and community hygiene, encompassing technical, environmental, economic and social issues. This field, which has evolved since urbanization, has constantly adapted to social transformations, population growth, technological advances and environmental and climatic challenges. Wastewater and stormwater management, one of the pillars of this department, uses techniques to protect public health and preserve the natural environment.
Historically, sanitation was implemented primarily to prevent epidemics by keeping wastewater away from inhabited areas. With urban densification, sanitation strategies have become more sophisticated to meet growing demands and minimize environmental impact. Modern principles include rainwater drainage to prevent flooding and wastewater treatment to protect water resources.
Since the 1970s, the ecological approach has transformed stormwater management, promoting techniques such as green roofs and retention zones for sustainable management in urban environments. Sewerage systems, whether combined or separate, are crucial, but present challenges such as overflows in combined systems and the high costs of separate systems. Intermediate configurations have emerged to meet local specificities and economic constraints.
Sanitation includes public health, where urban wastewater management requires protective equipment and strict sanitary safety protocols. Drainage systems, whether based on gravity or pressure flow, each present their own advantages and challenges.
In this first part of the sanitation article, we'll look at the following points:
history of sanitation ;
stormwater management ;
wastewater management ;
sewer network typology ;
environmental standards and regulations ;
health and epidemiological issues ;
impact of climate change ;
studies and modeling of wastewater systems ;
effluent quality ;
quantitative aspects of effluents.
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KEYWORDS
hydrology | sewerage | urban hydraulics | wastewater treatment | Water networks | pipe sizing | parasitic water
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Urban drainage
General principles of sanitation
Bibliography
Standards and norms
- sanitation facilities – Title I: networks - Fascicule n° 70 -
- sanitation facilities – Title II: Stormwater collection, conveyance and storage facilities - Fascicule n° 70 -
- équipement d´installations de pompage pour réseaux d'évacuation et d'assainissement - Fascicule 81-1 -
- mise en œuvre et essai des branchements et collecteurs d'assainissement. - NF EN 1610 -
- réseaux d'évacuation...
Regulations
European Directive of May 21, 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment.
Arrêté du 22 juin 2007 relatif à la collecte, au transport et au traitement des eaux usées des agglomérations d'assainissement ainsi que à la surveillance de leur fonctionnement et de leur efficacité, et aux dispositifs d'assainissement non collectif recevant une charge brute de pollution organique supérieure à 1,2 kg/j de DBO...
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