2. Marine environment
2.1 General topography
Although there are considerable variations from one zone to the next, from the coast onwards, the continental shelf, then the continental slope and finally the abyssal plain can be distinguished (figure 2 ). The general slope of the continental slope is fairly gentle, around 1 to 2%, but can become steeper in submarine canyons. This general slope is nevertheless sufficient to influence multiphase flow regimes, particularly when the fluid first flows in the direction of increasing depth and then upwards towards the surface. This is known as terrain slugging.
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Marine environment
Effluent treatment process
Bibliography
Websites
ALLSEAS Entrepreneur Offshore International http://allseas.com
COLORADO CENTER FOR ASTRODYNAMIC RESEARCH. University of Colorado at Boulder, Ocean Space Observations http://www.ccar.colorado.edu
Events
ISOPE Annual conference of the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers. Around a thousand papers are presented each year. These papers are peer-reviewed. http://www.isope.org
OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, Exhibition and conference held in Houston every year during the first week of May. Over 100,000 people attended in 2014....
Standards and norms
The list below is only a very small sample, arbitrarily limited to those mentioned in the article.
- Production Facilities on Offshore structures - API RP 2G - 1974
- Specification for Oil and Gas Separators - API Spec 12J - 2008
- Design, Construction, Operation, and maintenance of offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State design) - API RP 1111 - 2015
- Standard Practice for...
Regulations
SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea, London, IMO (International Maritime Organization)
UNCLOS United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
See Companies Directory 2016 published by EVOLEN http://www.evolen.org
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
EVOLEN, La Défense, France http://www.evolen.org
...Software tools
MOSES integrated offshore simulation software https://www.bentley.com
Orcaflex offshore structures simulation software, well suited to the simulation of marine operations https://www.orcina.com
Flexcom offshore structures simulation software,...
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