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1. The role of cold in urban environments
The International Institute of Refrigeration (IFF) estimates that the total number of refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump systems in operation worldwide today is around 3 billion units.
Still according to the IFF, 20% of this worldwide installed base, i.e. some 600 million units, is dedicated exclusively to stationary air conditioning systems used for human comfort, industrial processes and the healthcare sector.
The use of air conditioning has grown considerably over the last 70 years, thanks to technological advances and the economic development of many countries, particularly in the world's warmer regions.
The vast majority of air-conditioning systems are installed in cities. In China, for example, the ratio of air-conditioning systems installed in urban households rose from 1% in 1999 to 100% in 2009....
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The role of cold in urban environments
The environmental impact of refrigeration
Bibliography
- (1) - IFF - Le rôle du froid dans l'économie mondiale (the role of refrigeration in the global economy). - 29e note d'information sur les technologies du froid (29 th information note on refrigeration technologies), nov. 2015 http://www.iifiir.org ...
Websites
Via Séva, cooling networks, sustainable and renewable energy http://www.viaseva.org
FEDENE (Fédération des services énergie environnement) http://www.fedene.fr
Information website on Smart Grids (modernization of power grids)
Directory
International organizations
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Conditioning Engineers)
European Marketing Group, District Heating and Cooling
Energy Centre Denmark/Danish Technological Institute
IDEA (International District Energy Association)
IEA (International Energy Agency)
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