1. General

Safety requirements in the field of transport are increasing, even as manufacturers in the sector wish to reduce their design times by employing the digital simulation tool as much as possible. The sizes of the finite element (FE) models used to study crashes in means of transport can now be counted in hundreds of thousands of hull elements (for example 10 ⁵ for an automobile, 2 · 10 ⁵ for a commercial aircraft and 5 · 10 ⁵ for a train). This finesse is justified by the need to finely model part geometry to represent...