4. Applications under development

Applications presented include the use of ceramic membranes for gas separation and in catalytic membrane reactors. Over the past two decades, a broad wave of innovations in ceramic membranes and associated process engineering has been stimulated by the integration of environmental concerns into production and energy consumption reduction. Although the main technological hurdles have been overcome, technological transitions (replacing conventional processes with membrane processes) or the launch of new industrial applications using these membrane processes are still dependent on the introduction of more stringent regulations making them unavoidable.