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4. Mullins effect
The Mullins effect is a major challenge in providing good mechanical modeling of the complex behavior of industrial rubber materials. Many years after its first observations (Bouasse and Carrière in 1903 and Mullins in 1969 ), no general consensus has been reached on either the physical source or the mechanical modelling of this effect. In the remainder of this article, we present an overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject.
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Mullins effect
Conclusion
Bibliography
Suppliers
For silicas
SOLVAY (Belgium)
EVONIK (Germany)
HUBER (USA).
For carbon blacks
CABOT (USA)
ORION (Germany)
BIRLA (India).
Standards and norms
- Standard Classification System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber Products. - ASTM D 1765-96 -
- Rubber compounding ingredients – Carbon black – Determination of carbon black-bonded rubber. - NF T45-114 -
- Ingrédients de mélange du caoutchouc. Noir de carbone. Détermination de la surface spécifique par méthodes par adsorption d'azote. Modes opératoires à un pont de mesure. - ISO 4652 :2012 -
Directory
Organizations – Federations – Associations – Laboratories (non-exhaustive list)
Syndicat national des caoutchoucs et des polymères SNCP
Elastopôle, the rubber competitiveness cluster
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