Overview
FrançaisABSTRACT
Solving equations that govern the macroscopic world is done analytically, or continuously. At the quantum scale, solving the Schrödinger’s equation can be done analytically only for the hydrogen atom, and other cations possessing only one electron. The molecular scale can be represented in a discrete way by depicting atoms as interacting particles evolving in a forcefield. Between these atomic and macroscopic scales, put in another way, between the discrete and the continuous, lies the mesoscopic scale. In this article, are exposed the theoretical basis that are requested for a better understanding of the mesoscopic scale, the principal methods, and concrete examples.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Armand SOLDERA: Professor - Molecular Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Alexandre FLEURY: Doctoral student - Molecular Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
INTRODUCTION
Polymers are a class of materials of great interest to the chemical and materials industries. In fact, they are among the chemical industry's highest-volume products and most profitable materials. Few new industrial polymers are being developed, however, and they remain mainly the preserve of academic research. The cost of bringing them to market is a limiting factor. What industry is looking for instead is to obtain specific properties by blending polymers, or synthesizing copolymers. Just think of ABS, the terpolymer used in the manufacture of the first tires. This copolymer combines rigidity, hardness and heat resistance, thanks to the right combination of three monomers. Nevertheless, a strong experimental component is required to find the best compromise, i.e. the composition of the different polymers or links in the copolymer, offering the optimum property (while preserving the other properties). In order to overcome the time and cost problems associated with the search for the best candidate, molecular simulation is proving to be ideally suited.
The choice of the most appropriate simulation method for an industrial application depends mainly on the level of detail required. When studying mixtures, demixing occurs because the entropy of mixing is much lower when one of the constituents is a polymer, compared with mixtures of low-molecular-weight molecules. The material will therefore present domains rich in one or other of the compounds. By modulating the interface tension between the two components, the morphology of the material is altered, enabling the desired properties to be obtained. Knowledge of the morphology of the polymeric system is therefore essential for fine-tuning properties of importance to practical applications. The level of detail associated with morphology corresponds to the so-called mesoscopic scale. The approach discussed in this article goes from the microscopic to the macroscopic: in English, the terms "bottom-up" are used. The opposite, "top-down", will not be discussed.
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KEYWORDS
statistical thermodynamics | Langevin equation | multi-scale approach | density functional theory
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Mesoscopic simulation of polymers
Bibliography
Software tools
MS: Materials Studio, the interface to all simulation software DPD: Dissipative Particle DynamicsMesoDyn: DFT method
https://www.3dsbiovia.com/ (formerly http://www.accelrys.com )
Websites
Mesoscopic Dimension Research Group :
https://research.reading.ac.uk/met-mesoscale/
Site of a collaborative project in the field of condensed phase simulation:
Events
Conferences, Workshops of the European Centre for Atomic and Molecular Computing :
https://www.cecam.org/workshops/
ICMCP 2020: International Conference on Mesoscopic and Condensed Matter Physics
Oslo, Norway. June 25-26, 2020
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