1. General

Consider two points A and B in a medium of refractive index n (x, y, z ) and assume that light follows a certain curve C to get from A to B [31][32] . The time taken for the light to complete the path AB is expressed by the curvilinear integral : $t = \int_{A}^{B} \frac{n}{c} d s$

c being the speed of light in a vacuum and s the curvilinear abscissa on curve C.

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Shadow method: ombrography or ombroscopy

Bibliography

Text references

(1) - CHENG (K.C.) - A history of Flow Visualization : Chronology. - Journal or Flow Visualization and Image Processing 4-1, 1997, p. 9-27.
(2) - MERZKIRCH (W.) - Flow Visualization. - Academic Press, 1987....