Overview
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ABSTRACT
This article gives technical water stakeholders an overview of environmental economic approaches and tools relating to their field of expertise. It presents and explains the different economic principles and tools implemented by the Water Framework Directive (WFD). In particular, case studies are presented for each economic approach or tool. It covers economic tools established by the WFD, characterization of water uses, cost recovery, methods to assess the value of environmental goods or services, water prices and considerations on incentive aspects of water prices.
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Read the articleAUTHOR
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Jean-Marc BERLAND: Doctorate in environmental sciences and techniques from the École nationale des ponts et chaussées – Project engineer / Senior engineer - International Office for Water, DACITE - Direction Appui Coopération Institutionnelle et Technique, Limoges, France
INTRODUCTION
The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) has been instrumental in ensuring that economic considerations are taken into account in water-related decision-making processes. Article 9 of the October 23, 2000 directive concerns the recovery of the costs of water services.
It specifies that "Member States shall take into account the principle of recovery of the costs of water services, including environmental and resource costs, having regard to the economic analysis" carried out in accordance with an agreed methodology (specified in the appendix to the directive and in guides to good practice published subsequent to the WFD).
The same article specifies that Member States should ensure, by 2010, that :
"The water pricing policy encourages users to use resources efficiently and thus contributes to achieving the environmental objectives of the directive;
"the various economic sectors, broken down into at least the industrial, household and agricultural sectors, make an appropriate contribution to recovering the costs of water services, on the basis of the economic analysis already mentioned".
It is also specified that Member States "may take into account the social, environmental and economic effects of recovery, as well as the geographical and climatic conditions of the region or regions concerned".
Member States were also required to "report, in the river basin management plan, on the measures planned (...) which will contribute to the achievement of the environmental objectives of this Directive, and on the contribution of the different types of water use to the recovery of the costs of water services".
This article covers
the economic tools introduced by the WFD ;
characterization of water uses ;
cost recovery ;
methods for assessing the value of an environmental good or service;
short considerations on water price incentives.
At the end of the article, readers will find a glossary of important terms and expressions.
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KEYWORDS
environment | Water | sewage network | Environmental cost | economic valuation | water resource | aquatic ecosystems
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Bibliography
Websites
Economy portal on the Eau France website: http://www.economie.eaufrance.fr/
Regulations
(Non-exhaustive list)
Law no. 2004-338 of April 21, 2004 transposing Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 23, 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy.
Law no. 2015-991 of August 7, 2015 on the new territorial organization of the Republic (JORF of August 8, 2015).
Directive 2000/60/EC of...
Directory
Laboratories – Design offices – Schools – Research centers (non-exhaustive list)
Natural Resources Economics Laboratory (LERNA) :
http://www2.toulouse.inra.fr/lerna/
École polytechnique econometrics laboratory :
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