Overview
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ABSTRACT
Today, environmental concerns are present in the design processes of every sector of economic activity. Management methods, treatment and recovery of waste is thus at the heart of environmental issues. The resulting processes of stabilization-solidification are widely developed at the industrial stage, the nuclear industry having played a leading role. Among them, the incineration sector, which is widely implemented in the treatment of household and industrial waste. Stabilization by solidification using hydraulic binders is intended for hazardous waste. Vitrification is also part of the stabilization-solidification processes occurring as an essential link within the management channels of industrial and urban waste.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Radu BARNA: Professor, University of Toulouse, École des Mines d'Albi
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Denise BLANC: Senior Lecturer, Civil and Environmental Engineering Laboratory - Lyon National Institute of Applied Sciences
INTRODUCTION
Industrialization and urbanization developed during the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, virtually ignoring the environmental consequences of new consumption and production practices. Lifestyles became less and less "economical" in terms of the raw materials and energy consumed, and increasingly wasteful. In the second half of the 20th century, the flow of material products intensified and globalized. The materials used became "artificial", with characteristics that made it more difficult to reintegrate them into natural biogeochemical cycles. Since the late 1950s, ecological awareness has grown: demographic trends, the foreseeable scarcity of natural resources, energy crises and ecological disasters have set limits to uncontrolled industrial growth. Today, ecological concerns are present in the design of processes in all sectors of economic activity, and corporate management is increasingly integrating the environmental component. Waste management, treatment and recovery methods are at the heart of this issue, and often determine the sustainability of production or consumption methods.
Processes for the stabilization-solidification of hazardous waste have been extensively developed at the industrial stage, providing reliable economic and environmental solutions. The nuclear industry was a forerunner in this field, since it was necessary from the outset to provide an effective and safe management method for radioactive waste whose long-term harmfulness is obvious. Today, incineration is widely used to treat household waste with energy recovery. Industrial waste is also disposed of by incineration. These thermal processes generate residues: bottom ash, residues from the purification of household or industrial waste incineration fumes (REFIOM or REFIDI). Solidification using hydraulic binders stabilizes hazardous waste and produces solidified products that can be stored in specially designed sites under environmentally safe conditions (stabilized hazardous waste storage centers). The vitrification of fly ash from waste incineration has also been developed in France, leading to the possibility of recycling the solidifiates obtained.
Stabilization-solidification processes are thus an essential link in the industrial and municipal waste management chain.
Note: waste treatment processes have different objectives:
energy and material recovery: total or partial recycling ;
eco-compatible" return to the environment (case of stabilization-solidification) ;
decomposition into "harmless" chemical species.
All of these processes require the use of a wide variety...
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Waste stabilization-solidification
Bibliography
Events
Congress
WASCON (Waste materials in construction). These conferences are held every three years and provide an update on stabilization techniques, with particular emphasis on the possibilities for recycling the resulting materials. Proceedings are published by Elsevier (Pergamon).
Two conferences have been held in France on stabilization-solidification processes, in Nancy in 1995 and Lyon in 1999....
Standards and norms
French Standards Association (AFNOR)
- Waste – Guidance for the selection of a waste leaching test. - XP X 30-417 - Mai 2002
- Waste – Determination of massive solid character. - XP X 31-212 - Juillet 1995
- Waste – Leaching test on a solid waste initially massive or generated...
Regulations
Below is a reminder of the main legislation on waste disposal cited in this article.
European Union
Directive no. 2008/98/EC of November 19, 2008 on waste and repealing certain directives.
Directive no. 1999/31/EC of April 26, 1999 on the landfill of waste.
Directive no. 1999/45/EC of May 31, 1999 concerning the approximation...
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