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2. Industrial and development techniques
Freeze-drying can be carried out using a variety of technologies. Sublimation can be carried out either by lowering the total pressure (vacuum freeze-drying), or by lowering the water vapor pressure in the direct vicinity of the product (freeze-drying with adsorbents at atmospheric pressure). The method for recovering the extracted water vapour then differs from case to case. A number of industrial techniques are also available to provide the heat required for dehydration.
2.1 Vacuum freeze-drying
A freeze-dryer typically comprises three components: a heating source, a steam trap and a vacuum pump. Generally speaking, the product to be freeze-dried is placed in trays. The trays are introduced into the freeze-drying chamber on superimposed rails. Two methods...
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Industrial and development techniques
Dehydration kinetics
References
Manufacturers (non-exhaustive list)
FTS Systems Inc (USA) : http://www.ftssystems.com
S.G.D. Division Serail (France)
Usifroid (France) : http://www.usifroid.com
European food processors
Européenne de Lyophilisation S.A. (Belgium)
Lyophal (France) : https://www.synerlab.com/en/production-sites-synerlab-group/lyofal/
Nestlé (France)
SPAB (France) : www.spab.fr
...
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