4. Measurement result

In a measurement process, the raw result, p _b , deduced from the raw indication of the measurement chain (quantification of a frequency variation, voltage or current amplitude, etc.) is different from the actual value of the measurand. . This difference, or measurement error, results from the effects induced by the influencing quantities on the measurement chain. It is generally agreed that an error has both a random and a systematic component. Random error arises from unpredictable or stochastic temporal and spatial variations in influencing quantities, whereas systematic error arises from recognized and quantifiable effects of influencing quantities. For example, using the chain...