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1. Isotopes: definition, measurement and function
Water covers three quarters of our planet's surface. It's everywhere, and in many forms: rain, rivers, seas, oceans, lakes, groundwater, steam, clouds, ice, not forgetting all the water contained in soil and vegetation. All these elements contribute to what is known as the "water cycle". In fact, since it appeared on Earth some 4 billion years ago, the quantity of water present on the planet, estimated at over 1 billion km 3 in total, has not changed. It's still the same volume of water that never ceases to transform, passing through the various stages of vapor, liquid water and ice, perpetuating the permanent water cycle.
With a simple chemical formula (H 2 O), it is a complex body resulting from the combination of 3 oxygen isotopes (...
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Isotopes: definition, measurement and function
Isotopes and the water cycle
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Bibliography
- (1) - TREUIL (M.) - Éléments chimiques. Émergence des concepts dans les développements de la pensée humaine et de la recherche scientifique. - In Introduction à la géochimie et ses Applications, R. HAGEMANN et M. TREUIL éditeurs, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, Collection enseignement, Chap. 1,...
Standards and norms
NIST: NBS 951 SRM (standard reference material)
NIST: NBS 987 SRM
Regulations
Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official Journal n° L 327 of 22/12/2000.
Websites
CARISMEAU project: isotopic and geochemical characterization of Adour Garonne water bodies http://carismeau.brgm.fr
UNESCO.IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency http://www-naweb.iaea.org
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