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ABSTRACT
As traditional chemical analysis does not solve all issues, fractionation techniques have been developed for the study of environmental behavior. They allow for simulating the conditions governing the mobility of elements in sediments and soils. After a general presentation, the determination of chemical elements is described by means of definitions, reminders concerning the validation of methods and chemical fractionation procedures. An example of extraction chart as well as an explanation of their use complete this article. However, the obvious importance of the comparability of data raises certain questions.
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Philippe QUEVAUVILLER: Executive at the European Commission - Professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (VUB)
INTRODUCTION
This dossier is dedicated to the memory of Allan M. Ure (1924-2005), one of the pioneers in the development and harmonization of extraction protocols for soil and sediment analysis.
The mobility and bioavailability of elements in the environment is governed by physico-chemical parameters such as pH, dissolved organic carbon concentration, redox potential, particle size and ionic charge, etc. The study of the environmental behavior of elements is difficult, if not impossible, to address through conventional chemical analysis. The study of the environmental behavior of elements is difficult, if not impossible, to approach by means of conventional chemical analyses, and fractionation techniques simulating the conditions governing element mobility in sediments and soils have thus been developed since the early 1980s. In the same vein, leaching tests were developed to assess the mobility of inorganic pollutants in a variety of situations, e.g. for the analysis of waste, building materials, plastics, etc.
This dossier presents various fractionation approaches and their applications, and discusses the issues surrounding their use.
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Fractionation of elements for study in the environment
General presentation
Bibliography
References
Appendix 1 Sequential extraction procedure (BCR scheme) for metal fractionation in sediments and soils
1.Instruments and reagents
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Devices
The laboratory equipment used may be made of borosilicate glass, poly6Fethylene, polypropylene or PTFE, with the exception of the centri6Ffugation tube, which must be made of borosilicate glass or PTFE. Clean vials in contact with samples or...
Appendix 2 Single extraction procedures for metal fractionation in soils
Unique extraction procedures for soil analysis (see paragraph 4.3.3. ) based on EDTA 0.05 mol/L and acetic acid 0.43 mol/L are described below.
Extractions should be performed in borosilicate glass, polyethylene, polypropylene or PTFE bottles, using an inverting shaker. Laboratory equipment should be cleaned with 4 mol/L...
Appendix 3 SMT protocol for the fractionation of phosphorus forms in freshwater sediments
1.Reagents and equipment
The reagents used are HCl 1 mol/L, HCl 3.5 mol/L, NaOH 1 mol/L and NaCl 1 mol/L. The laboratory equipment used can be made of polyethylene or polypropylene, including centrifuge tubes. Stirrers can be magnetic stirrers, stirring tables or inverting stirrers.
All reagents must be at least...
Standardization
Association française de normalisation AFNOR
- Sécurité des jouets - Partie 3 : migration de certains éléments (Indice de classement : S51-214). - NF EN 71-3 - 03-95
- Qualité du sol - Extraction des éléments en traces solubles dans l'eau régale (Indice de classement : X31-415). - NF ISO 11466 - 06-95
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