3. High-resolution electron energy loss spectrometry (HREELS)

3.1 Principle of measurement and description of spectrometers

This spectrometry, described in detail in a book by Ibach and Mills , focuses on energy losses resulting from vibrational excitations (from 10 to 500 meV). The analyzers used take the form of hemispheres or 127° cylindrical sectors, the latter possibly modified with a toroidal curvature. Conventional electron sources, with intrinsic energy distributions of the order of 300 to 500 meV, are not suitable as such. It is necessary to select some of the electrons before interaction with the target....