Overview
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ABSTRACT
The shipping industry has been for long one of the main drivers for global trading. Although the consumption of the global fleet might appear relatively low compared to the amount of goods transported, its continuous growth makes the sector responsible for an important share of the greenhouse gas emissions. The modern wind assisted propulsion technologies can come up with an already available and solid solution for this matter. This article will present the different systems developed today, as well as the associated technologies to make the most of them.
Read this article from a comprehensive knowledge base, updated and supplemented with articles reviewed by scientific committees.
Read the articleAUTHORS
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Maël LE GARREC: Project Manager - D-ICE Engineering, Nantes, France
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Ronan GOLHEN: Technical Manager - MaxSea International, Bidart, France
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Antoine DECHAUFOUR: Naval engineer - Beyond the Sea, La Teste-de-Buch, France
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Kiara PERRY: Communications Manager - Beyond the Sea, La Teste-de-Buch, France
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Selma NEMOUCHI: Lawyer in maritime and environmental law - Beyond the Sea, La Teste-de-Buch, France
INTRODUCTION
Maritime transport enables us to carry very large flows of goods of all kinds across oceans and between continents: liquid hydrocarbons (oil, natural gas, etc.), dry bulk (coal, ores, grain, etc.) and general cargo aboard container ships.
As a result, shipping has played a major role in the growth of international trade since the end of the Second World War. Today, sea freight accounts for 90% of world trade in terms of volume and 80% in terms of value. Since the end of the Second World War, it has grown considerably: in 2017, over 10 billion tonnes of goods were transported on the world's seas, compared with just 550 million tonnes in 1950. .
The annual growth rate of maritime trade has been 2.9% over the last two decades, but according to forecasts by UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), it is set to fall to 2.4% over the period 2022-2026. This growth has been made possible by an increase in the number of ships and total fleet tonnage: since 1990, tonnage has more than quadrupled, and since 2010 it has doubled. .
Containerization has contributed enormously to the widespread use of sea freight. Invented by the American Malcolm McLean in the 1960s, containerization has enabled goods to be transported relatively safely and inexpensively, thanks to the standardized dimensions of the boxes, which facilitate intermodality and lower transport costs thanks to massification. Containers also make it possible to limit the additional costs generated by breakage or theft, since goods are packaged and not handled directly.
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KEYWORDS
greenhouse gas | decarbonation | maritime routing | wind propulsion
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Transport fluvial et maritime
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Bibliography
Websites
International Wind Propulsion Network :
https://www.wind-ship.org/en/grid-homepage/
National strategy for the development of low-carbon hydrogen in France :
Regulations
Code général des impôts (General Tax Code) establishing a mechanism for fleet greening:
https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000042913782
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