2. Pneumatics and energy dissipation mechanisms

2.1 Introduction to rolling resistance and drag

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2.1.1 Balance of forces to which a vehicle is subjected

Tire rolling resistance is a force to which a tire is subjected when rolling. It is not instantly perceptible to the driver of a vehicle. In order to understand this concept, a simple example is described below.

To move yourself or an object, you have to make an effort, expend energy. For example, to move a wheelbarrow forward, you have to push it, i.e. exert effort. The greater the load...

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Pneumatics and energy dissipation mechanisms

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The tire in its environment

Bibliography

(1) - HALL (D.E.), MORELAND (J.C.) - Fundamentals of rolling resistance. - Rubber Chem. Technol., vol. 74, n° 3, p. 525-539, https://doi.org/10.5254/1.3547650 (2001).
(2)...

Standards and norms

Product Category Rules for Tires, version 3.05. - ULE 10006 -
Environmental management – Life cycle assessment. - ISO 14040 - 2006-10
Environmental management – Life cycle assessment. - ISO 14044 - 2006-10
Spécifie la désignation, les cotes et les indices de charge des pneumatiques de la série millimétrique destinés en priorité aux voitures particulières. - ISO 4000-1 - 2015
Spécifie...

Regulations

UNECE Regulation R117-04 – Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tires with regard to rolling sound emissions and adhesion on wet surfaces and/or rolling resistance/Regulation No. 117 – Series 04.

Regulation (EU) 2020/740 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2020 on the labelling of tires with respect to fuel efficiency and other parameters, amending Regulation (EU) 2017/1369...