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5. Hydrogen, ammonia, alternative fuels and zero-emission engines
5.1 Biofuels and renewable resources
A wide variety of fuels can be used to power combustion engines, from plant, animal and even mineral sources. While many of them can be obtained from renewable sources, particularly those of plant and animal origin, the question of the sustainability of these resources is becoming increasingly critical
With first-generation biofuels obtained by trans-esterification of vegetable oils, or by fermentation of sugars, fuel production competes head-on with the production of food resources. In fact, it is the plant's reserve organs (oil or sugar) that are used to produce biodiesel or bioethanol.
Biodiesel...
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Hydrogen, ammonia, alternative fuels and zero-emission engines
Hybridization benefits, optimizing efficiency and pollutants
Bibliography
Standards and norms
- Environmental management – Lifecycle analysis – Principles and framework. - ISO 14040 - 2006
- Environmental management – Lifecycle analysis – Requirements and guidelines. - ISO 14044 - 2006
Regulations
CO 2 emissions: Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 17, 2019.
Vehicle emissions: Regulation (EU) 2018/858 of the European Parliament and of the Council of May 30, 2018.
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