Aging of lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries have become indispensable in the electronics, stationary storage and electric mobility sectors, and are now at the heart of technological innovation. However, despite their widespread adoption, they face a major problem: ageing. This phenomenon, which results from the progressive wear of internal components, has a direct impact on their performance, particularly in terms of capacity, lifetime and safety. The aim of this article is to analyze the mechanisms responsible for aging, and to explore possible avenues for improvement.

The aging of lithium-ion batteries can be approached from a number of different angles: from the simple everyday use of electronic devices, to degradation under the effect of extreme conditions in electric vehicles or renewable energy storage systems. This phenomenon poses a number of technical and economic challenges: on the one hand, the need to improve battery life to meet the growing demand for electric mobility, and on the other, the need to control these degradation processes to optimize performance and minimize the environmental impact of these devices.

Lithium-ion batteries are based on complex electrochemical principles, which give rise to various degradation phenomena at the level of electrode materials, electrolytes and interfaces. The article explores these aging phenomena in depth, both calendar (age-related) and cycling (application-related). Particular attention is paid to external factors influencing this process, such as temperature, current regime and depth of discharge, and internal factors, such as additives in the electrolyte, current collectors and thermal management. In addition, mechanisms such as solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth and lithium metal deposition are analyzed within the framework of advanced electrochemical models.

In parallel, this article examines the various models available for simulating and predicting battery ageing. These models, whether based on empirical or electrochemical approaches, are essential for anticipating long-term battery performance and adjusting design parameters accordingly. Accurate modeling of electrode reactions, as well as analysis of concentration gradients and electrical potentials, provides a better understanding of the limiting factors and helps guide future developments.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the problems associated with the ageing of lithium-ion batteries, as well as pointing the way to possible solutions. Faced with the challenges of the energy transition and the growing demand for reliable energy storage systems, it is vital to continue innovating in the field of batteries to extend their lifespan, improve their safety and reduce their ecological footprint.