2. Modules
In practice, membranes are assembled in modules, usually comprising several membranes. There are currently four main types of module on the market: flat, spiral, tubular and hollow-fiber. Derivative modules, such as vibrating modules or submerged hollow-fiber modules, are marketed on the basis of these basic configurations. The various modules are closely linked to the geometry of the membranes and therefore to the material.
2.1 Plan module
The flat modules consist of flat membranes assembled in a filter press-type arrangement as shown in figure 27 a. The elementary assembly consists of a feed-side spacer, a first membrane, a permeate-side...
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Modules
Economic data
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Prices for organic reverse osmosis membranes
At the end of 2003, reverse osmosis membranes sold for between US$12 and US$26/m 2 , i.e. around e10/m 2 for the cheapest membranes, generally based on cellulose derivatives, and e22/m 2 for composites....
Bibliography
Focus articles
Standardization
Association française de normalisation Afnor
- Filtration des liquides. Membranes poreuses. Taux de rétention des membranes d'UF et de nanofiltration. - NF X 45-103 - déc. 1997
- Liquid filtration – Porous membranes – Permeability to reference water. - NF X 45-101 - déc. 1996
- Cartouches filtrantes....
Unit builders, suppliers and membrane manufacturers
(non-exhaustive list)
Manufacturers
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France
Aquasource (Degrémont/Suez) (ultrafiltration, hollow fiber modules, water treatment applications)
CTI (Céramiques Techniques et Industrielles S.A.) (nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration; ceramic membranes)
...
Organizations
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Learned societies
French Membrane Club (CFM)
European Membrane Society
French Process Engineering Society SFGP
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Technical centers
Institut de la filtration et des techniques séparatives (IFTS), Agen (association of industrialists, users and...
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