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1. Membranes
1.1 Structure and materials
Three types of structure are defined: symmetrical, asymmetrical and composite. The first two are made from a single material, while the last is composed of an assembly of materials.
The materials used are organic (polymers) or mineral (ceramics, etc.).
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Membranes
Modules
Economic data
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Prices for organic reverse osmosis membranes
At the end of 2003, reverse osmosis membranes sold for between US$12 and US$26/m 2 , i.e. around e10/m 2 for the cheapest membranes, generally based on cellulose derivatives, and e22/m 2 for composites....
Bibliography
Focus articles
Standardization
Association française de normalisation Afnor
- Filtration des liquides. Membranes poreuses. Taux de rétention des membranes d'UF et de nanofiltration. - NF X 45-103 - déc. 1997
- Liquid filtration – Porous membranes – Permeability to reference water. - NF X 45-101 - déc. 1996
- Cartouches filtrantes....
Unit builders, suppliers and membrane manufacturers
(non-exhaustive list)
Manufacturers
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France
Aquasource (Degrémont/Suez) (ultrafiltration, hollow fiber modules, water treatment applications)
CTI (Céramiques Techniques et Industrielles S.A.) (nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration; ceramic membranes)
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Organizations
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Learned societies
French Membrane Club (CFM)
European Membrane Society
French Process Engineering Society SFGP
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Technical centers
Institut de la filtration et des techniques séparatives (IFTS), Agen (association of industrialists, users and...
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