Numerical simulation : a tool for the technological innovations

The progress made in numerical simulation since the 1960s is largely due to the development of aeronautics, space by NASA and nuclear power generation in the USA and Europe. Numerical simulation, considered one of the scientific and technological breakthroughs of the 20th century, has greatly contributed to the development of innovative technologies in various industrial sectors. The development of computers and numerical methods, such as finite elements and boundary elements, has greatly accelerated the use of these methods by industry. To validate the "models", analytical solutions for simple cases and physical tests for complex cases have been used. Cooperation between the teams using these two approaches has been launched and has led to very significant progress in both numerical and experimental science, notably through test-calculation coupling. The development of automatic 3D meshing algorithms, high-performance methods for solving systems of equations and the integration of modeling and simulation tools into CAD systems mark the latest advances in digital technology, making simulation tools accessible to design offices, particularly those of SMEs.

Numerical simulation software and associated methodologies are tried and tested, and are increasingly used for predictive analysis of the behavior of mechanical systems and to validate their designs. They are used from the earliest stages of design to validate concepts and designs without the need for physical prototypes. Simulation offers engineers a powerful tool for assessing product performance right from the design phase. It is thanks to simulation that industrial product development times and costs have been significantly reduced, while the quality of industrial products has improved. Numerous technological innovations have been integrated into products and processes, enabling manufacturers to leap forward in performance and competitiveness.

Software developments in structural mechanics, fluid mechanics and process simulation are mainly based on the finite element method. We should also mention boundary elements, which are extremely useful for certain applications such as acoustics, cathodic protection of marine structures and soil mechanics. Also worth mentioning are the fast-growing methods of model reduction, without meshing or XFEM, which offer interesting prospects for applications such as fragmentation, fracture mechanics or perforation.

Digital analysis is becoming increasingly important in the production and operation of mechanical systems. The new "digital twin" concept consists of setting up a virtual mock-up that enables predictive analysis of the behavior and performance of the product or process, using the reference data described in the specifications, the digital models,...