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5. Conclusion
The physical, mechanical and viscoelastic properties of spacers enable them to be compared and classified according to criteria concerning their application (from easiest to most difficult) and performance (from excellent to poor):
ease of processing laminated glass for mass production (from easiest to most difficult): Standard PVB > Acoustic PVB > EVA = TPU > Rigid PVB > CIP > Ionoplast ;
rigidity (from most rigid to least rigid): Ionoplast Rigid PVB > TPU > EVA > CIP > Standard PVB > Acoustic PVB ;
adhesion/impact at different temperatures (– 20 °C to + 60 °C): standard PVB = acoustic PVB = rigid PVB > TPU > Ionoplast > EVA > CIP...
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Conclusion
Bibliography
Software tools
Abaqus 2008, FEM (Finite Element Analysis), Abaqus, Inc. – Abaqus version 6.8-1. Manuals, 2008
COSMOS /M2.0, FEM (Finite Element Analysis), Advanced Modules (1998)
SJ Mepla version 3.5.8 – (Finite Element Analysis), Software for Structural Glass Design-2012
Events
Dusseldorf Glass Fair + "Engineered Transparency" (Glasstec 2012 – Germany – Every even-numbered year in October
Equip'Baie Paris – Every year in mid-November
Glass Performance Days (GPD 2013 – Tampere, Finland) every odd-numbered year in June
Standards and norms
- Glass in construction – Laminated glass and laminated safety glass – Determination of mechanical properties of spacers (CEN: 2012) - prEN vwxyz - 2012
- Glass in construction – Determining glass strength – Part 3: General method of calculation and determination of glass strength by testing (CEN: 2012) - prEN13474-3 - 2012
- Glass in construction – Laminated glass (Part 3) and laminated safety glass – Part 2...
Regulations
Eurocode EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
Enrocode EN 1991: Actions on Structures
Patents
John Crewe Wood: UK Patent no. 9972; AD 1905; "Improvements in or Connected with Glass Screens, Windows, and the like for Motor Cars and other Vehicles – Date of Application 11/05/1905, Accepted, 07/12/2005
John Crewe Wood: France Patent no. 356.076. for Transport on roads – Automobilisme: "Kind of glass or transparent screen, made of glass, for automobiles and other vehicles on roads or rails" – Applied...
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
1. Manufacturers of PVB resins and films for the building and photovoltaic markets:
Eastman (ex-Solutia) - Saflex ® http://www.saflex.com/en/Default.aspx
Sekisui – S-LEC ®...
Statistical and economic data
Interlayer market figures
Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) remains the undisputed leader in laminated safety glass applications for building applications (>90%) and automotive windscreens (100%). This represents worldwide consumption of between 120 and 140 million m 2 for building applications and 140 to 170 million m 2...
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