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ABSTRACT
Though extremely durable, paper undergoes chemical aging like any other organic material. The main cause of the weakening and decay of paper is a decreased degree of cellulose polymerization. In order to identify the processes in paper aging, it is important to understand the molecular structure of cellulose and the morphological structure of the fibers. In the first part of this paper, the nature of the bonding taking place is defined along with the role of sorbed water. The physical and chemical properties of paper and how to measure them are explained. In the second part, the reactions involved in the aging of paper and their kinetics are presented, together with the parameters that affect degradation rate.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Anne-Laurence DUPONT: Doctor of Science, HDR, CNRS researcher - Center de recherche sur la conservation des collections (CRC, USR 3224), Sorbonne-Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture et de la -Communication, CNRS, Paris, France
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Gérard MORTHA: University Professor - Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Papetiers (LCP2 – UMR CNRS 5518), École Nationale du Papier, de la Communication Imprimée et des Biomatériaux, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble – Alpes, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
INTRODUCTION
Throughout the ages, paper has always been a privileged vehicle for artistic expression, for the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge and culture; it is the material support for a significant part of humanity's memory. It is also an extremely durable material, since many works on paper have survived for centuries, often reaching us in good condition.
The chemical and physical properties of paper vary according to the raw materials and production methods used in different historical periods. Papermaking technology, which first appeared in China, probably in the 2nd century B.C., evolved as it gradually spread, first to the Middle East from the 8th century onwards, then to the West. However, it was Western papermaking innovations in the 19th century that most radically altered the material's composition and manufacturing methods. The transformation from an artisanal production method to a modern industrial paper mill had a considerable socio-economic and cultural impact, but also had adverse consequences for the material's stability and durability. The two main causes were the replacement by wood of the sources formerly used as raw materials (oriental and middle-eastern annual plants, and later western linen, hemp and cotton rags), and the massive use of rosin-alum sizing replacing traditional sizing, most often based on gelatin or starch. The first industrially-manufactured papers used for printing, from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, often posed serious conservation problems, unlike contemporary pulps which, depending on their use, can be very durable, the factors influencing the material's lifespan now being better known.
Like all organic materials, paper is subject to aging. Aging is defined as a phenomenon of slow, irreversible change in the structure and/or composition of a material due to its own instability, interaction with the environment (UV irradiation, ionizing radiation, pollution, etc.) or mechanical stress
Thus, the plant source of cellulose and the paper manufacturing process play the main roles in the durability and ageing of the finished product. On the other hand, extrinsic factors such as ambient storage conditions (thermohygrometry, light, air quality), atmospheric pollution or biological contamination and handling also influence...
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KEYWORDS
conservation of cellulosic materials | size-exclusion chromatography | fibre structure
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Corrosion - Aging
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Chemistry of paper and cellulose ageing processes
Bibliography
Websites
The Book and Paper Group Annual, American Institute for Conservation of Historic &&&& Artistic Works, Site Editor Eliza Gilligan, University of Virginia Libraries : http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/
PORCK Henk J. – Rate of Paper Degradation. The Predictive Value of...
Standards and norms
- Paper and cardboard – Determining the moisture content of a batch – Oven-drying method - ISO 287 - 2009
- Paper – Determination of bending strength - ISO 5626 - 1993
- Paper and cardboard – Determining tensile properties – Part 2: Constant strain gradient method (20 mm/min) - ISO 1924-2 - 2008
- Pasta – Determination of tensile strength in wet and dry condition - ISO 15361 - 2000
- Paper, cardboard...
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