3. Analysis and controls
To assess the effectiveness of secondary metallurgy treatments and, if necessary, influence process implementation, high-performance, precise methods have been developed in recent years to analyze metal composition, particularly very low levels of certain elements, and to characterize inclusional cleanliness.
3.1 Elementary analysis
Using samples taken from the bath itself, the analysis enables the majority of steel constituents to be checked.
Most elements are currently analyzed by spark optical emission spectrometry, including nitrogen, or by X-ray fluorescence. Only carbon and sulfur, when present in low concentrations, are analyzed by a complementary method of combustion under a carrier gas. Oxygen, which will be dealt with in the...
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Analysis and controls
Conclusions. The future of secondary metallurgy
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Since the early 1960s, the development of a large number of increasingly complex metallurgical processes that could not be carried out in the traditional steelworks reactor (oxygen converter or electric furnace, figure ) has given rise to a new type of metallurgy, known as "secondary" metallurgy, carried out in a steelworks ladle fitted with a range of equipment, including drawer nozzles...
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