Overview
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Pierre BLAZY: Honorary Professor - Former Director, École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie (ENSG)
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El-Aïd JDID: Doctor of Science - Research Engineer, Laboratoire Environnement et Minéralurgie (LEM), UMR 7569, Nancy University (ENSG-INPL), CNRS
INTRODUCTION
In the 1970s, environmental constraints and rising energy costs led the non-ferrous metals industry to look for alternative processes that were less polluting and less energy-intensive.
Several processes have since been developed. They use :
direct melting on molten bath;
hydrometallurgy; these are mainly reserved for by-products from lead metallurgy (copper dross, Harris process residues, speiss and skimmings) and steelmaking (blast furnace and electric arc furnace dusts).
Metallurgy applied to recycling constitutes the most important source of lead, clearly supplanting the usual source represented by galena concentrates. Refining is simpler than for primary resources (see previous dossier:
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Metal manufacturing processes and recycling
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Lead metallurgy
Bibliography
Websites
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Battery Council International
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CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) – Australia
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Statistical and economic data
World lead reserves and primary resources
According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), lead reserves were in the region of 78.5 Mt in 2009 (table ), and identified world resources are estimated at over 1.5 billion tonnes.
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