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3. Injection coal
Most blast furnaces inject pulverized coal into the tuyeres, partially replacing coke. The motivations are economic, the cost differential between coal and coke, and technical, notably the possibility of operating with high wind temperatures, which lead to lower consumption of reducing agents and reduced CO 2 emissions, and with, wind overoxygenation, favorable to productivity.
The coal is finely ground and dried before being injected into the nozzles. Crushed coal generally has a particle size such that 50% is below 60 µm (figure 15 ). Ultra-fine coals are prohibited, as they are detrimental to the pneumatic transport of coal to the injection nozzles. As coals are naturally moist (5-8%), they...
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Injection coal
Liquid cast iron
Bibliography
Software tools
Fact Sage Integrated Data Base: thermodynamic database of mineral species; online tools for calculating reaction quantities, complex multiphase equilibria and phase diagrams:
http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/factsage/fs_general.php
JANAF: thermodynamic data table for mineral species; online calculation...
Websites
Metallurgical Research and Technology: formerly Revue de Métallurgie; articles on cast iron production; online article summaries and abstracts; calendar of forthcoming conferences of interest to Metallurgy :
http://www.metallurgical-research.org/
ISIJ International: an open-access Japanese technical journal publishing...
Events
EUROPEAN STEEL TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION DAYS (ESTAD)
International conferences organized every 2 years jointly by the 4 main European steel metallurgy federations; the conference includes several sessions on blast furnace ironmaking:
ICSTI (International Congress on Science...
Standards and norms
- Iron ores for blast furnace charges and direct reduction processes – Determination of cohesion and abrasion indices. - ISO 3271 :2015 -
- Iron ore for blast furnace charges – Determining reducibility from reduction speed. - ISO 4695 :2015 -
- Iron ore for blast furnace charges – Determination of disintegration indices by low-temperature reduction using the static method – Part 1: Reduction with CO, CO2, H2...
Directory
Engineering companies supplying equipment, instrumentation and technical solutions in the blast furnace sector; regular publication of technical magazines.
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