Overview
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ABSTRACT
This paper describes methods to develop superconducting tapes based on materials of the latest generation of superconductors with high critical temperature (superconducting coated conductors). The paper first focuses on innovative methods, which involve the functionalization of a flexible metal substrate by physical or chemical processes. It goes on to highlight the most original and promising methods for depositing the superconducting species. The benefits and promises of these methods are discussed in a short conclusion.
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Philippe ODIER: Former CNRS research director - Center de recherche pour l'émergence des techniques avancées CRETA Institut Néel, CNRS, Grenoble, France
INTRODUCTION
Superconductors are a class of materials with extremely important properties. One of their most emblematic applications is CERN's LHC (Large Hadron Collider), which led to the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2013. Without superconductors and the power of the magnets they enable, CERN's ring would be 100 km long, rather than the current 27 km; the construction of ITER (CEA-Cadarache France), which aims to harness energy production through nuclear fusion, would not be feasible.
Superconductivity has been known for a century, and research into superconducting materials has always been very active in applying these "magical" physical properties. Materials physicists and chemists have succeeded in developing metal alloys in wire form that take advantage of so-called classical superconductors (such as NbTi or Nb 3 Sn alloys, for example) whose critical temperature remains below 20 °K. They require liquid helium cryogenics, which is well-known but expensive. In 1986, the high-T revolution c (or HTS for High Temperature Superconductor) through the discovery of superconductivity above the temperature of liquid nitrogen turned this field on its head. Not only are the new cuprate-based materials, of which YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 is the best known, no longer metals in the material sense of the term, but ceramics, and their critical temperature reaches 93 °K and even 120 °K in some compounds (the latter are not very exploitable, however). The interest in this new family is enormous, but so is the effort required to take advantage of it. How do you manufacture a cable several kilometers long using ceramics? Such is the challenge posed by these new materials. Thanks to the joint efforts of physicists and chemists, a new class of materials is about to emerge.
Initially, the researchers exploited a variety of cuprates, suitable for shaping close to that of conventional superconductors; they succeeded in inserting BiSrCaCuO aggregates or powders (Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x : Bi2212 or Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O x : Bi2223) in silver sheaths and turn them into superconducting ceramics. Industrialists were able to transform these wires into superconducting cables, the most high-profile...
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KEYWORDS
thin films | chemical deposition | texture | epitaxy | critical courant | energy | magnetism
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Production processes for superconducting coated conductors
Bibliography
- (1) - NISHIJIMA (S.), ECKROAD (S.), MARIAN (A.), CHOI (K.), KIM (W.S.), TERAI (M.), DENG (Z.), ZHENG (J.), WANG (J.), UMEMOTO (K.), DU (J.), FEBVRE (P.), KEENAN (S.), MUKHANOV (O.), COOLEY (L.D.), FOLEY (C.P.), HASSENZAHL (W.), IZUMI (M.) - Superconductivity and the environment: a Roadmap. - Supercond. Sci. Technol. 26, 113001 (35 pp) (2013)....
Websites
Website of the European Society for Applied Superconductivity – ESAS http://www.esas.org
Events
EUCAS (European Conference on Applied Superconductivity), a bi-annual event held in Europe and in Lyon in 2015: EUCAS'15 http://www.eucas2015.org
ASC (Applied Superconductivity Conference), held twice a year in alternation with EUCAS, takes place in the United States.
Patents
US1999/5872080 High temperature superconducting thick films.
US2000/6077344 Sol-gel deposition of buffer layers on biaxially textured metal substrances.
US2002/6451450 Method of depositing a protective layer over a biaxially textured alloy substrate and composition therefrom.
FR/25.04.02/FRA0205217 Thick layers of YBa 2 ...
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