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2. Introducing the ECAP technique
Historically, ECAP was invented by Vladimir Segal and his collaborators in the 1970s in Minsk, in the former Soviet Union, and described by Segal himself in 1981 . Instead of ECAP, some authors use the term ECAE, where the letter "E" stands for Extrusion. Four possible translations of ECAP are used: (i) equal-area angled extrusion, (ii) deviated channel deformation, (iii) angled channel extrusion and (iv) angled channel extrusion.
2.1 Method principle
The ECAP technique is based on confined shear deformation....
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