Overview
FrançaisABSTRACT
Almost since the dawn of time material in the amorphous state has been known as that of silica glass obtained by the natural cooling of molten oxide mixtures. The production of synthetic amorphous materials is relatively recent and has initiated a wide amount of fundamental and applied research. As the applications have been of significant interest, most notably in the electro-technical sector these new materials have benefited from rapid development on an industrial scale. Their metallic characteristic, however the absence of long-distance order in metallic glass, provide them with differing properties from their crystalline counterparts.
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Read the articleAUTHOR
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Yannick CHAMPION: CNRS Research Director - Paris-Est Institute of Chemistry and Materials
INTRODUCTION
The very first synthetic metallic amorphous glasses were reported in the literature by Kramer, in the 1930s, during his studies on the electrical properties of metallic thin films. Au-Si glasses were obtained by vacuum evaporation and condensation of the alloy on a surface cooled by liquid nitrogen.
The amorphous state of matter, in the general sense, had long been known, since it is the structural state of common silica glasses produced by natural cooling of molten oxide mixtures. However, this was the first time that the amorphous state had been obtained by cooling essentially metallic compounds. The properties of these new materials were rapidly identified, and their originality initiated a great deal of fundamental and applied research (see § 1 ).
Because of the particularly attractive properties of certain alloys, production methods have been developed on a pilot scale and then on an industrial scale. These include melt-spinning for concrete reinforcement and permanent magnet alloys, and planar flow for soft magnetic alloys, competing materials with oriented Fe Si, Fe Ni and ferrites. These machines are highly productive, with ribbons running at speeds of up to 20 m/s, and ensure direct strip shaping from the liquid state.
Solid metallic glasses are innovative for their mechanical properties (high strength, up to 4GPa, reasonable toughness from 10 to ), but still require improvements in terms of behavior (in particular, the lack of ductility remains prohibitive) and formability, to find applications.
A series of techniques for producing amorphous alloys is described in § 2.4
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Amorphous metal alloys
Bibliography
Websites
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Leonardo ENERGY – The global Community for Sustainable Energy Professionals
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/selecting-least-cost-energy-efficient distribution-transformers
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Liquidmetal Technologies...
Directory
Manufacturers – Manufacturers
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Amorphous magnetic ribbons are manufactured and/or processed today by a large number of companies, some of them spin-offs from academic laboratories, in Eastern Europe, India, Taiwan, Singapore and, above all, China.
The "historical" suppliers and users are :
Hitachi metals and Toshiba (Japan);...
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