12. References

12.1 History of use

According to the LCPC source, there are many documented uses for fly ash in the road sector worldwide.

Since the 1960s, road construction in France has seen many new applications. Silica-alumina fly ash, which used to be produced in larger quantities, has been used in backfill, particularly for medium-height embankments. Numerous sites could be cited, including motorway construction sites. Fly ash was used either treated or untreated as fill, or treated as subgrade.

As far as pavement layers are concerned, the gravel-slag-ash-fly-ash and gravel-ash-fly-ash techniques are still used today for sub-base and base courses.

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References

GTR - . – Guide technique SETRA/LCPC : 2e édition : réalisation des remblais et des couches de forme (Juillet 2000).
GTS - Traitement des sols à la chaux et/ou aux liants hydrauliques. Application à la réalisation des remblais et des couches de forme...

International Ash Utilization Symposium – Healths aspect of Coal Fly Ash. The International Ash Utilization Symposium is held every 2 years. It is organized by the University of Kentucky Applied Energy Research Center and the U.S. Department of Energy.
2nd "Earthworks in Europe" symposium

This 2nd Colloquium will be held in London on June 3-4, 2009. It follows...

French reference standards
- Exécution des terrassements. Classification des matériaux utilisables dans la construction des remblais et des couches de forme d'infrastructure routière. - NF P11-300 - Septembre 1992
- Exécution des terrassements Terminologie. - NF P11-301 - Décembre 1994
- Liants hydrauliques. Ciments courants. Compositions, spécifications et critères...

Extracts from legislative references
- Article L. 511-1 of the French Environment Code. The provisions of this title apply to factories, workshops, warehouses, building sites and, in general, installations operated or owned by any natural or legal person, public or private, which may present dangers or inconveniences either for the convenience of the neighborhood,...