LIBS: Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) is an elemental analysis technique based on optical emission spectrometry. Entirely based on optics, it enables non-contact measurements, giving it unique application possibilities in many fields. Non-intrusive, it is ideally suited to remote, on-line or in situ field analysis, with no sample collection or preparation. It's a fast technique, with measurement times generally ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes, depending on experimental conditions. Like all methods based on emission spectroscopy, LIBS enables simultaneous multi-element analysis. Last but not least, the LIBS principle is equally applicable to the analysis of solids, liquids, gases and aerosols. Instrumentation ranges from fully portable systems to devices that can be transported in a vehicle, or even fully robotized, depending on the application and requirements. Our areas of expertise include industrial analysis, materials microanalysis, environmental, biological, cultural heritage and security applications.

This article provides an overview of all facets of the technique. Its principle and positioning in relation to other techniques are discussed, as are the associated physical concepts. The reader will find information on the mechanisms involved and the influence of experimental parameters on analytical results. LIBS instruments are adapted to the needs and constraints of field use. There are therefore various typical configurations, which are presented by way of example, describing their particular features. We also discuss the different ways in which the spectral data collected can be processed, depending on the need, and the different types of information that can be deduced from them. Physical phenomena that can affect the signal, such as spectral interference, self-absorption and matrix effects, are reviewed. Finally, a non-exhaustive overview is given of the many applications of LIBS.