1. Indirect route

1.1 Chain of processes

Indirect coal liquefaction comprises the following stages (figure 1 ):

coal preparation ;
oxygen production ;
pure oxygen gasification ;
conversion of CO to H ₂ (water gas shift) ;
syngas purification ;
Fischer-Tropsch, FT synthesis (core process) ;
HDI isomerizing hydrocracking of long kerosenes to produce a "finished" fuel;
production of pure hydrogen...

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Indirect route

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page Coal liquefaction (CTL)

Direct route

Bibliography

(1) - HIGMAN (C.), VAN DER BURGT (M.) - Gasification. - 2 ^nd Edition, Burlington (Mass.), Gulf professional (2008).
(2) - STEINBERG (A.), DRY (M.) - Fischer-Tropsch technology. - Studies in Surface...

Websites

World Coal Institute http://www.worldcoal.org/home/

Events

World CTL Congress http://www.world-ctl2010.com

Economic performance of the CTL sector

The economic performance of the CTL sector is closely linked to the price of coal, which remains cheap compared to other energy sources, and relatively unconnected to the price of crude oil. On the basis of the same quantity of energy (British Thermal Unit BTU), coal costs around half as much as heavy fuel oil, which is itself heavily depreciated in relation to crude oil (figure

Patents

• WO2006010330, Process for direct coal liquefaction, Shenhua Group Corporation, 2006.

• US20050428, Hydroprocessing of heavy oil feedstock to form upgraded material, involves use of colloidal or molecular catalyst dispersed within heavy oil feedstock, hydrocracking reactor and hot separator, HEADWATERS HEAVY OIL LLC (HTI), 2004.

• US4816141, Catalytic two-stage liquefaction of...