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4. Overall performance of the liquefaction process
4.1 Yields and product qualities
After integrating the upgrading processes, the overall average performance of the two liquefaction routes is summarized in (table 11 ).
The overall yield of recoverable products is higher with the direct route (around 3.5 barrels/ton of maf coal) than with the indirect route (2.5 to 3 barrels per ton of maf coal, depending on the utility scheme), since hydrogen is produced from coal in both cases.
The naphtha cut obtained by the direct route is highly naphthenic in nature, making it a feedstock of choice for a catalytic reformer (for the heavy fraction), while the light fraction can be processed in an isomerization unit. Both of these refining...
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Overall performance of the liquefaction process
Bibliography
Websites
World Coal Institute http://www.worldcoal.org/home/
Events
World CTL Congress http://www.world-ctl2010.com
Economic performance of the CTL sector
The economic performance of the CTL sector is closely linked to the price of coal, which remains cheap compared to other energy sources, and relatively unconnected to the price of crude oil. On the basis of the same quantity of energy (British Thermal Unit BTU), coal costs around half as much as heavy fuel oil, which is itself heavily depreciated in relation to crude oil (figure
Patents
• WO2006010330, Process for direct coal liquefaction, Shenhua Group Corporation, 2006.
• US20050428, Hydroprocessing of heavy oil feedstock to form upgraded material, involves use of colloidal or molecular catalyst dispersed within heavy oil feedstock, hydrocracking reactor and hot separator, HEADWATERS HEAVY OIL LLC (HTI), 2004.
• US4816141, Catalytic two-stage liquefaction of...
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