2. Miniaturization

Several miniaturization techniques can be used in the field of printed antennas . They can consist of dielectric loading under the antenna, or metallic loading such as through vias. Miniaturization can also be achieved by using slots in the patches to induce capacitive and inductive effects. Discrete components can also be inserted into these slots or elsewhere on the radiating element.

All these techniques can be combined to achieve significant size reductions. The geometries obtained in this case are complicated (figure