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1. Bandwidth expansion
The bandwidths of antennas designed with thin substrates are of the order of 1 to 4%. In the case of miniature antennas, they can be less than 1%. To significantly increase the bandwidth of an element, it is necessary to combine several resonators.
1.1 Coupled resonator antennas
Broadband is achieved by coupling between resonators. Several configurations are possible. Initially, the radiating elements used were conventional half-wave elements. Smaller elements were subsequently used.
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Side-by-side half-wave resonators
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Bandwidth expansion
Miniaturization
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