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2. Shape and wave defects
Optical surfaces have always been produced by lapping, which results in components with excellent surface finish and very little waviness. On the other hand, this method can give rise to shape defects (figure 2 ). The most common of these are axially symmetrical defects known as concave or convex crowns, or asymmetrical saddle-horse deformations, often due to the lens being fixed under stress. These shape defects affect image quality, and their influence can be simulated using aberration theories. Over the last few decades, research has also been carried out into new ways of surfacing spheres and, above all, aspherical surfaces. A wide variety of methods are used, including vacuum evaporation, ion bombardment, polishing, grinding and turning. Each has its own field of application....
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The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference
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Shape and wave defects
Bibliography
References
Standardization
French Standards Association (Afnor)
- Optics and optical instruments – Optical treatments – Part 1: Definitions. Classification number: S10-005. - NF ISO 9211-1 - 6-1995
- Optics and optical instruments – Drawing indications for optical elements and systems – Part 1: General. Classification number: S10-008-1. - NF ISO 10110-1 - 12-1996
- Optics and optical instruments – Drawing indications for optical elements...
Manufacturers
CILAS (Compagnie Industrielle des Lasers) http://www.cilas.com
Cybernetix http://www.cybernetix.fr
Essilor http://www.essilor.fr
GIAT Industries...
Organizations
Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales (Onera) http://www.onera.fr
Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée (IOTA) http://www.institutoptique.fr
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