5. Conclusion

The miniaturization of electronic equipment is leading to very high flux densities, with junction temperatures having to be kept at ever-lower levels: this is an arduous problem. In high-power devices such as supercomputers, the equipment is immersed directly in fluids such as freon. Fluid cooling is now well developed, but air cooling is still important because it's easy to use. It concerns the vast majority of industrially-produced electronic equipment.