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ABSTRACT
The electric car is a vehicle that produces no local emission of pollutants and is low-noise relative to thermal vehicles. History has witnessed several fleeting attempts to bring it into widespread use. Although the technology of electric motors for vehicles has long been mature, the battery is still the weak link. In this article, the main battery technologies used in the automotive field are presented and compared according to their performance, duration of actual and theoretical life, and cost of use. A special focus is made on lithium batteries, whose potential and the developments made for mobile applications show that the obstacles hindering the emergence of electric cars are now being overcome.
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Daniel CHATROUX: Laboratory Manager - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Laboratoire d'innovation pour les technologies des énergies nouvelles et les nanomatériaux, Département de l'électricité et de l'hydrogène pour les transports, Service d'intégration des générateurs électrochimiques, Grenoble - This article is an updated reprint of Renaut Mosdale's 2003 article [D 5 565] entitled "Electric road transport – Batteries for electric vehicles".
INTRODUCTION
Electric vehicles offer very low local pollutant emissions, a silence that is much appreciated by users, and ease of driving in urban use thanks to direct transmission (without clutch).
Power performance and acceleration are on a par with combustion-powered vehicles. Electric motorization also provides instant response to demand and continuity of acceleration, without the need to change gear ratios. On the other hand, the low mass and volume densities of the batteries severely limit the energy stored, and therefore the range. This is traditionally seen as the limiting factor in the development of electric vehicles.
This article describes and evaluates the various battery technologies. Their performance in real-life use will be compared with that announced in the literature, to analyze the impact on running costs, which is the second point limiting the development of electric vehicles.
In terms of range and running costs, we'll be looking at the benefits of using microcycle batteries for hybrid vehicles and lithium batteries for electric vehicles.
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KEYWORDS
Battery | electric vehicle | lithium battery | hybride vehicle
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Electric road transport – Batteries for electric vehicles
Historical background, battery technologies and performance claims
Bibliography
- (1) - SCHWARZ (V.), GINDROZ (B.) - Le stockage électrochimique. - MINES-ENERGIE Dossier Stockage de l'Énergie, janv.-fév. 2005. http://www.inter-mines.org/docs/ 2013082456_stock2005_15.pdf
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Websites
AVEM electric and hybrid vehicle information website https://www.avem.fr/
History of the electric car http://philippe.boursin.perso.sfr.fr/velec/velec.htm
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