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2. Classification and analysis of different types of coupling
2.1 Common impedance coupling
Common-impedance (or common-element or galvanic) coupling occurs when the electrical currents of two separate systems follow the same path, whose impedance cannot be neglected. Figure 5 , which shows two circuits sharing the same portion of ground conductor, illustrates such coupling. Through the impedance of this common conductor, the return current of one circuit causes a variation in the reference potential of the other; this voltage variation may appear in full in the expression of the output signal v s , or it may result in the appearance of a common-mode signal.
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Classification and analysis of different types of coupling
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The Ultimate Scientific and Technical Reference