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1. Shard characteristics
Before talking about products, let's talk about the properties of ceramic shards. Ceramic shards are agglomerates of grains of different origins:
residual crystals of quartz, potassium feldspars or soda-lime feldspars (plagioclase) and mica from the original rocks;
new small crystals formed during firing: quartz, mullite, hematite, calco-aluminum silicates (e.g. pyroxene, gehlenite).
These crystals are bound together by the glassy matrix of the melting elements. The theoretical density of this material is around 2,600-2,750 kg/m 3 (the density of quartz is 2,650 kg/m 3 , but that of hematite is 5,250 kg/m 3 ).
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Shard characteristics
Bricks
Bibliography
Article references [C 905v2]
Websites
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ALVEOTER
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Blog on the latest terracotta news
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Monomur
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Events
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Batimat, Reed Expositions, international construction show held every two years in Paris (odd-numbered years).
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Bau, Europe's leading construction trade fair, held annually in Munich
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Standards and norms
Calculating structures
- Base de conception des ouvrages - NF EN 1990 (Eurocode 0) -
- Sollicitations des ouvrages - NF EN 1991 (Eurocode 1) -
- Partie 1-1 : règles communes pour ouvrages en maçonnerie armée et non armée - NF EN 1996-1-1 (Eurocode 6) -
- Partie 1-2 : Calcul du comportement au feu - NF EN 1996-1-2 -
- Annexe nationale - NF EN 1996-1-2/NA -
- Partie 2 : conception,...
Regulations
Arrêté du 22 septembre 1994 relatif aux exploitations de carrière et aux installations de premier traitement des matériaux de carrière.
Arrêté du 2 février 1998 relatif aux prélèvements et à la consommation d'eau ainsi que aux émissions de toutes natures des installations classées pour la protection de l'environnement soumises à autorisation.
Decree of May 3, 2007 on the thermal...
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Clay manufacturers (non-exclusive)
European producers
France
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Imerys, international mineral products company
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Monier...
Statistical and economic data
Brick and tile industry
Below is a brief overview of the bricks and tiles market in France, Europe and the rest of the world.
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In France
Clay production in France is just over 6 million tonnes (in 2007). Table 1...
Definitions
Some of the definitions used in the main article are given below.
The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a soil is a measure of the total number of sites available for cation exchange, or the total number of exchangeable cations, or the number of negative sites in the soil matrix. The unit is the milliequivalent per 100 grams (mEq/100 g) of soil, or the centimole of positive charge per kilogram, where...
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