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3. Development prospects for BTL channels up to 2020
3.1 Issues
As shown in the previous section, the production of second-generation fuels by the indirect thermochemical route requires a complex sequence of conversion and separation steps.
According to various published studies, the material mass yield for the production of second-generation biofuels by the thermochemical route is between 15 and 25% due to losses of the carbon contained in the initial feedstock at various stages of the BTL chain:
in the roasting step during charge devolatilization;
in the gasification stage during the combustion required to supply energy to the endothermic reactions producing carbon monoxide and hydrogen;
during...
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Development prospects for BTL channels up to 2020
Bibliography
Regulations
RED (Renewable Energy Directive) 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 23, 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC
FQD (Fuel Quality Directive) 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 23, 2009 amending Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol,...
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