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4. Processed gas pipelines
For dehydrated, deacidified and calorific value-calibrated processed gases, pipelines are an efficient means of transport from producing areas to consumers. Belgium, France, Great Britain and Germany receive natural gas from various producing countries, including Norway and Russia, via a vast interconnected network of pipelines.
Much of this gas comes from onshore gas production. The pipeline market is therefore largely separate from that of offshore gas production.
The first offshore pipelines, such as the Frigg pipeline, had a diameter of 32 inches (0.81 m). Today, diameters are generally between 42 inch (1.07 m) and 48 inch (1.42 m). These pipelines are weighted with 0.1 m of concrete at the radius, giving them an external diameter of 56 inch (1.42 m). The lines are epoxy-coated on the inside. The steel used is API X 65 with a yield strength...
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Processed gas pipelines
LNG production by floating unit
Bibliography
Websites
ALLSEAS – Offshore International Contractor http://allseas.com
Colorado Center For Astrodynamic Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Space-based ocean observations https://www.colorado.edu/ccar/research
Gulfbase – Gulf of Mexico...
Events
ISOPE – Annual conference of The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers. Around a thousand papers are presented each year. These papers are peer-reviewed. http://www.isope.org
Offshore Technology Conference – Exhibition and conference held in Houston every year during the first week of May. Over 100,000 people attended in 2014....
Standards and norms
The list below is only a very small sample, arbitrarily limited to those mentioned in the article.
- Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings : NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 Metric/Inch - ANSI/ASME B16.5 - 2013
- Guidelines for Trenching design of submarine pipelines, Trevor Jee - HSE OTH 561 - 1999
- Production Facilities on Offshore structures - API RP 2G - 1974
- Specification for Oil and...
Regulations
SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea, London, IMO (International Maritime Organization)
UNCLOS United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea
Directory
Manufacturers – Suppliers – Distributors (non-exhaustive list)
See Companies Directory 2016 published by EVOLEN http://www.evolen.org
Organizations – Federations – Associations (non-exhaustive list)
EVOLEN http://www.evolen.org
Laboratories...
Statistical and economic data
CEDIGAZ, The International Association for Natural Gas
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