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4. Variability of fuels and equipment
The reference biomass for fuel applications is wood: it accounts for the vast majority of biomass fuels and has been used for many years in appliances designed primarily for this fuel. The fairly recent development of pellet appliances has led to a diversification of biomass sources, creating new problems. So, among the main difficulties linked to the characteristics of biomass in domestic heating appliances today, the main ones are:
fuel humidity ;
cleanliness;
diversification of sources (corrosion and pollution problems in particular).
Matching the heating appliance to the fuel used is therefore a key factor in the system's smooth operation. Finally, installation is an important feature that can enable a heater to operate under widely...
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Variability of fuels and equipment
Regulations, standardization and labels
Bibliography
Software tools
Improved Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model ADMS4 (Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System, developed by Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants). http://www.numtech.fr
CFX three-dimensional atmospheric dispersion model. http://www.ansys.com
Standards and norms
- Solid fuel stoves – Requirements and test methods - NF EN 13240 -
- Open fireplaces and solid-fuel inserts – Requirements and test methods - NF EN 13229 -
- Domestic solid-fuel stoves – Requirements and test methods - NF EN 12815 -
- Domestic solid-fuel boilers for installation in living areas – Rated heat output less than 50 kW – Requirements and test methods - NF EN 12809 -
- Appareils de...
Regulations
Arrêté du 22 octobre 1969 relatif aux conduits fumée desservant les logements (Decree of October 22, 1969 on flues serving dwellings)
Règlement Sanitaire Départemental Type relative aux prescriptions minimales d'hygiène, de salubrité et d'entretien des ouvrages
Decree of October 22, 1993 on consumer safety with regard to closed fireplaces and inserts using solid fuels...
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ADEME French Environment and Energy Management Agency http://www.ademe.fr
CITEPA Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Études de la Pollution Atmosphérique (Technical Interprofessional Center for Studies on Atmospheric Pollution)
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