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3. Quality factor M 2
The beam profiles of power lasers encountered in practice do not reflect the purity of the above equations. The high-temperature active medium increases the effects of diffraction in a non-homogeneous way, and it is thought that lower modes can develop within the dominant mode . The definitions obtained for Gaussian beams cannot then be applied to these beams.
In 1963, the Americans Freiberg and Halsted ...
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Quality factor M 2
Determining the normalized radius of any stable beam
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