2. Digital simulation

2.1 Finite element models

In general, each stage of the process is simulated to take account of the sheet's deformation history: dropping, pre-crimping, crimping and the intermediate phases of tool removal and sheet springback. Two types of numerical modeling are generally adopted for crimping simulation. These are discussed in this section.

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2.1.1 3D modeling using shell elements

This type of modeling is mainly used in industry for reasons of computation time. One example is the OPTRIS v6.1...

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