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3. State of the art in tactile sensory interfaces
Several possibilities could be considered for the classification of tactile interfaces based on: actuation technology, architecture and application domains. A comprehensive review of existing tactile stimulators and their physical, spatial and frequency characteristics is presented in .
3.1 Tactile excitation technologies
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Tactile stimulation can be achieved in a number of ways. Virtual environment (VE) systems initially borrowed technology from matrix printers or Braille display systems for the blind. Then came solutions based on mechanical needles activated by electromagnetic technologies (solenoids, vibrating membranes or Voice Coils), piezoelectric crystals, shape memory alloys, pneumatic systems and heat pump systems...
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State of the art in tactile sensory interfaces
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