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3. Metallurgical and mechanical consequences of forming
3.1 Mechanical properties after forming
Whenever possible, cold forming is preferable. In hot forming, dimensional accuracy is more difficult to control, and costs are significantly increased by the following operations:
blank heating ;
handling blanks and parts at high temperatures ;
surface descaling ;
calibration of the part after forming....
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Metallurgical and mechanical consequences of forming
Heat and mechanical treatments after forming and welding
References
Regulations
New regulations for pressure equipment
- Récipients sous pression simples. Arrêté du 14 décembre 1989 portant application de la directive n° 87-404/CEE relative aux récipients pression simples - Directive 87/404/CEE -
- Équipements sous pression. Transposée en France par le décret du 13 décembre 1999 relatif aux équipements sous pression - Directive 97/23/CE -
- Équipements sous pression transportables. Transposée...
Standardization
New European construction standards for pressure equipment
- Récipients à pression non soumis à l'action de la flamme - EN 13445 -
- Tuyauteries industrielles métalliques - EN 13480 -
- Chaudières à tubes d'eau et installations auxiliaires - EN 12952 -
- Chaudières à tubes de fumées et installations auxiliaires - EN 12953 -
New European material standards for pressure equipment (steels)...
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