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ABSTRACT
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas emitted from human activities, can be reused directly or after conversion. Direct use, without transformation, has been frequent in industry and the oil sector for many years. However, the potential increase in the quantity of CO2 used in this way is limited, unless there is a development of new technology such as deep geothermal. The biological use of CO2 as a nutrient for organisms that perform photosynthesis, e.g. algae, has several advantages, including the possibility of directly using "poor quality" CO2 from combustion exhausts.
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INTRODUCTION
The fight against climate change is a major issue for our contemporary societies. As excess carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions into the atmosphere are one of the causes of these climatic changes, the control and capture of CO 2 during industrial processes are subjects undergoing strong development. Furthermore, for a company or local authority, emitting large quantities of CO 2 is often synonymous with heavy dependence on carbon-based fossil resources and their fluctuating tariffs. Added to this are regulatory risks, taxes, social acceptability, etc.
To mitigate these effects, strategies are being put in place, mainly focused on reducing emissions into the atmosphere: rationalization of fossil resources, capture and geological storage of CO 2 ... right through to thoughts on geoengineering.
A complementary approach following a circular economy logic, that of CO 2 recovery, holds its place in this strategy. It consists in considering CO 2 as a recoverable resource and no longer as a "waste" to be disposed of. CO 2 is in fact a gas of industrial interest that can be used as a source of carbon for the elaboration of mineral or organic compounds of commercial interest.
CO 2 can be recovered in different ways: directly without transformation, by chemical transformation or by biological transformation.
In this article, we will present the non-transformation valorization, which uses CO 2 directly for its physical properties, and the valorization by biological transformation.
Direct recovery, without transformation, has a variety of industrial applications, notably as a cooling agent or solvent used in the food industry or in assisted hydrocarbon recovery.
Valorization by biological transformation uses CO 2 as a nutrient to develop biomass, a source of products of interest (lipids, carbohydrates, cellulosic compounds...). The technologies used have different degrees of technological maturity: from the industrial stage (e.g. microalgae cultivation in open ponds), to the pilot stage (e.g. microalgae cultivation in photobioreactors for energy use) or even the research and development stage (e.g. biocatalysis).
chemical conversion routes are covered in article...
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KEYWORDS
energy | materials | chemicals | food | Enhanced Oil Recovery | deep geothermal | microalgae | Biocatalysis
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Congress: the International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization (ICCDU) has been held since 1991. It is a multi-disciplinary meeting on recent innovations and applied research related to carbon dioxide utilization.
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Microalgae cultivation: in France, several companies are active in this field, including (but not limited to):
Fermentalg (Gironde, France), which holds 14 patents for microalgae cultivation, has developed a process for activating chloroplasts according to a specific light input ("flash" technology), enabling yields of up to 220...
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