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2. Identifying limitations and strategies
2.1 Nature of limitations
To intensify a process, it's obviously essential to first carry out a precise diagnosis to identify the limiting stages. This simple, common-sense principle is not without its pitfalls. For example, in the well-known case of chemical kinetics identified as slow, because they are wrongly assimilated to the pouring of a reagent during an experiment carried out in a fed batch, for obvious safety reasons, to avoid any thermal runaway.
Generally speaking, limitations are either chemical (transformation), physical (transfer phenomena) or both.
In the first case, we say that we are in the chemical regime, and we have to resort to new catalysts, new access routes, new operating windows (pressure, temperature, reaction...
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Bibliography
Websites
European Process Intensification Roadmap (2007)
http://www.efce.info/efce_media/European_Roadmap_PI-p-531.pdf
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Events
European Process Intensification Conferences (EPIC 5), Nice (France), September 27 th – 1 st October 2015
European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE 10), Nice (France), September 27 ...
Standards and norms
FDA, Guidance for industry : PAT – A framework for innovative pharmaceutical development, manufacturing and quality assurance; September 2004
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